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There is often this idea around the interwebs that an APS-C camera is good enough for many professionals and that the difference between a full-frame and an APS-C sensor is almost negligible. So why would I want a full-frame camera vs an APS-C camera, and what is the difference?
Sensor Size – When Size Matters
There is often this idea around the interwebs that an APS-C camera is good enough for many professionals and that the difference between a full-frame and an APS-C sensor is almost negligible. So why would I want a full-frame camera vs an APS-C camera, and what is the difference?
A full-frame sensor is roughly the size of 35mm film, and an APS-C sensor is slightly smaller. (see the diagram)
It’s ultimately this size difference that is responsible for any change in visible quality between the two sensors. It’s also important to note that megapixels do not matter when comparing sensor size, since the difference is entirely how it works with the optics.
I’ve also included the Micro 4/3 sensor size since it’s similar to APS-C and also very popular.
Full Frame Features
Because a full-frame sensor is larger, it covers more surface area and takes in more light. So naturally, a full-frame sensor will perform better in a lower-light situation. The difference between the Canon cameras is about one-stop, and with the new 5Dmkiii, it’s even a little more. This isn’t anything major, but for someone shooting weddings or sporting events, you might want that additional stop of light. This would allow you to close down your aperture a bit more or increase your shutter speed slightly.
The other major advantage of a full-frame sensor is how it works with the optics. Because the full-frame sensor covers more surface area and is hit by more light, it allows for a shallower depth of field. (How blurry the background gets from your point of focus.) It’s a huge difference, but it is noticeable. It works this way because of math. Yeah, I’ll leave it at that.
Say for example you were shooting at an f2.8 on a full-frame camera, the background would be much blurrier than if you were shooting an f2.8 on an APS-C sensor. It would perform more like an f4. This can be a pretty substantial advantage if you are shooting medium or even low-quality lenses. Lenses tend to look better at an f5.6-f8, so with a full-frame sensor, you could close down more to hit that sweet spot without losing too much of that shallow depth of field.
The opposite is also true. Because the lens covers more surface area of light through the lens, it tends to accentuate lenses of less quality a bit more. So you’ll notice the poor resolution of a cheap lens slightly more on a full-frame camera. The same is true as our megapixel count goes up.
APS-C Features
One of the nice features of an APS-C sensor is how it works with lenses designed for full-frame cameras. An APS-C lens typically has a 1.3-1.5x crop. The 7D is a 1.4x crop. Meaning, the lens might project light to cover the surface area of a full-frame sensor, but because the APS-C sensor is smaller, you get an optical crop. This causes the APS-C lens to perform slightly more telephoto than full-frame because of the 1.4x crop. A 50mm will look more like 70mm, 10mm will look more like 15mm, 200mm will look like 280mm, and so on. So if you’re looking to shoot landscapes, you’ll need to go even wider on an APS-C camera. Like a 10mm for great landscapes.
Another advantage to this crop is that you’re capturing the light mostly from the center of the lenses designed for FF cameras. So cheaper lenses that don’t have a good corner and edge resolution get cropped out on an APS-C sensor. This of course becomes irrelevant if you’re using lenses designed for the cropped sensors like Canon’s EF-S lenses.
APS-C cameras are usually smaller, significantly less expensive, and in some cases, they shoot faster frames per second.
Lenses for APS-C camera systems are also usually a bit cheaper.
Summary
Full Frame Sensors
-Shallower Depth of Field
-Better in low light
-Size of 35mm film
-High Megapixel Count
-More Expensive
APS-C Sensors
-Cheaper
-Smaller
-Often 1.3-1.5x crop
-Better reach, 200mm = 300mm
-Need wider lenses for landscapes 10mm = 15mm
-Less Depth of Field compared to Full Frame
Which Camera System Is Best For You?
That’s up to you to decide. If you’re shooting portraits, weddings, or sports where you need as much light as possible and want to get that shallow depth of field, you might want a full-frame camera. But if you want to get a bit more reach out of your lenses, say with sports or nature photography, or even if you’re shooting many landscapes and travel photography where the depth of field is irrelevant, then I’d consider an APS-C camera. I personally prefer full-frame since they usually have more megapixels, so I can print as large as possible. But I would still love a compact mirrorless APS-C camera for travel and fun.
2 comments
Alik, this is a good overall outline of the difference between sensor size but there is a section which isn’t quite accurate. You wrote:
Pixel density on a 26 MP APS-C sensor is equivalent to about a 52 MP full frame camera, i.e. higher than a 5DS R (17.17µm2vs 14.12µm2 per pixel). Hence cheap lenses won’t look good on APS-C at all – even most modern lenses don’t even achieve 20 MP resolution optical resolution on a 5DS R . Vintage glass will look much better on A7 III than a Fuji X-T3 for instance. There’s one exception and you’ve covered it: full frame lenses with a very sharp center and weak borders and edges will look much better on APS-C. Watch out for the lenses with astigmatic profile though: sharp center, weak middle, and sharper edges again. They are quite common even among high end lenses.
Thanks for the feedback. What else is interesting is a lot of vintage lenses perform a little different with different camera brands. Like the Voigtlander 35mm f1.7 M Mount (not vintage) has a purple vignetting on the EOS R, but is sharper in the corners compared to my A7rIII, and my Industar is looking like it has less vignetting on the Nikon Z6 than the A7rIII. But on APS-C most of the issues get cropped out. So this article could use a little tuning, I need to go through and test all the different lenses on different bodies to see if there is a general characteristics each camera brand’s sensor configuration creates, since they all have a different sensor stack with different micro-lens designs.