This is a complete list of all lenses available for Panasonic and Olympus Micro Four-Thirds cameras, including native and third-party lenses. Use this list to find the best MFT lenses.
Table of Contents
Micro Four Thirds Lenses List
Before I get into the list, I want to note that there are a few terms the photography world uses to refer to Micro Four Thirds. There is MFT, M43, and Micro 4/3. Those are the three most popular. I’ll use them interchangeably.
I’ve listed all the 35mm equivalencies alongside the lenses to make things a little easier if you come from that world. I’ve also built a 35mm equivalent calculator.
Can I use Olympus lenses on Panasonic?
Olympus and Panasonic lenses are interchangeable between systems, and you can even use them on Blackmagic cameras. Autofocus will work, but you’ll sometimes lose advanced lens features like OIS, and IBIS performance may be reduced.
Each camera IBIS system is designed to work with the lens’s OIS for enhanced performance; you will lose this if you mix and match lenses.
Panasonic lenses with aperture rings and function buttons will also not function on Olympus and Blackmagic cameras. You have to control the aperture through the camera.
Olympus Micro Four Thirds Lenses
Olympus M43 Zoom & Prime Lenses – Full Auto
A list of all of the Olympus MFT zoom and prime lenses still available on the market.
Panasonic MFT Lenses
Panasonic MFT Prime & Zoom Lenses – Full Auto
Panasonic Prime lenses and even their Zoom lenses are very good, especially those built in collaboration with Leica.
In this Panasonic Lens List, I’ve labeled all the Leica-collaboration lenses as Leica and the Panasonic lenses as Lumix.
You can now sort this list to see only lenses that are Zooms, Primes, weather-sealed, or lenses that feature OIS.
American Third-Party MFT Lenses
Lensbaby Micro Four-Thirds Lenses
Lensbaby is an American company that makes specialty art lenses for special effects, tilts, macro, or just fun. Some of the lenses, like the Burnside, have an effects aperture for applying different looks.
German Lenses
Meyer-Optik Görlitz
One of the unique characteristics of these Meyer-Optik Gorlitz lenses is their extremely low number of elements. These will produce very good micro-contrast, classic rendering and unique character, but they won’t match the technical performance of some higher-element alternatives.
The Cinema Primes listed here are 35mm lenses with the Micro Four Thirds Mount, and the mounts are interchangeable. A great investment. They also come in two versions: one with metric measurements and the other with feet. Some lenses don’t specify what they are. I’ve tried to list the links here in feet.
Zeiss M43 Lenses
Japanese Lenses
Fujinon Cine Lenses
Fujifilm’s Fujinon has made some really lovely Super 35mm cine lenses that are very popular among cinematographers. These are available for the Micro Four Thirds system, but keep the crop factor in mind when ordering. The widest field of view you’ll be able to achieve is around 36mm.
Gizmon Lenses
Gizmon, a small company out of southern Japan, has a few interesting pancake lenses.
Kowa Micro 4 3 Lenses
Kowa is a Japanese company that makes scopes, binoculars, accessories, and more. Most of its lenses are made for industrial use and often come in the C mount, but it has also made a few lenses with the Micro Four-Thirds mount.
| Lens Name | Sensor | FF Equiv | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kowa Prominar 8.5mm f2.8 | photo | no | no | M43 | 17 | 17/14 | 9 | Ø86mm | 15.52 oz / 440 g | B&H | 43 |
| Kowa Prominar 12mm f1.8 | photo | no | no | M43 | 24 | 12/10 | 9 | Ø72mm | 16.76 oz / 475 g | B&H | 43 |
| Kowa Prominar 25mm f1.8 | photo | no | no | M43 | 50 | 8/6 | 9 | Ø55mm | 14.11 oz / 400 g | B&H | 43 |
Sigma Micro Four Thirds Lenses – Full Auto
Sigma has a few great options for the Micro Four-Thirds system, and they offer really good performance at a price.
| Sigma M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mirrorless Design | photo | no, yes | no, yes | FF/APS-C | ||||||||
| Sigma M43 16mm f1.4 DC DN | photo | no | yes | APS-C | 16 | 32 | 9.8″ / 25 cm | 16/13 | 9R | Ø67mm | 14.29 oz / 405 g | B&H |
| Sigma M43 19mm f2.8 EX DN Art | photo | no | yes | APS-C | 19 | 38 | 20cm | — | — | Ø46mm | — | B&H |
| Sigma M43 30mm f1.4 DC DN | photo | no | yes | APS-C | 30 | 60 | 11.81″ / 30 cm | 9/7 | 9R | Ø52mm | 9.35 oz / 265 g | B&H |
| Sigma M43 56mm f1.4 DC DN | photo | no | yes | APS-C | 56 | 112 | 1.64′ / 50 cm | 10/6 | 9R | Ø55mm | 9.88 oz / 280 g | B&H |
Tamron Micro Four Thirds Lenses – Full Auto
Surprisingly, this is the only Tamron MFT lens. They are one of the best third-party lens companies.
Tokina MFT Prime Lenses – Full Manual
There are a few Tokina micro-fourth lenses out there. A Cinema ultra-wide zoom and a tele. It’s a little pricey, though.
Voigtlander M43 Primes – Full Manual
If you’re an E-Mount or Leica shooter, you’ve probably heard the Voigtlander hype. These lenses are fantastic for the price and worth checking out.
Yasuhara Lenses
Yasuhara is a Japanese designer who has released a few interesting designs. He is also developing more full-frame lenses, such as the Anthy 35mm. Hopefully, these full-frame lenses end up with Micro Four-Thirds mounts since they are small and perform well.
Korean Lenses
Samyang / Rokinon Primes
Samyang is a brand that has blossomed over the last few years. Ten years ago, they just made decent lenses, but today, their lenses are actually really good. They have good coatings and optical designs, and they’ve improved their build quality. Definitely don’t ignore Rokinon lenses. I have several of them for my APS-C system, and they come very close to rivaling my Fujinon lenses.
Russian Lenses
Zenit Lenses / Lomography
Zenit, the maker of Lomography, has engineered vintage designs that offer a unique character. They make most of their designs for the DSLR mount, with one lens for the M43 mount.
| Zenit M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zenit 16mm f2.8 | photo | no | no | FF | 16 | 32 | 0.3 m | 11/7 | 6 | Ø26.5mm | 310 g |
Swiss Brand Lenses
IRIX Cine MFT Lenses
Irix, a Swiss company that uses Japanese optics, has a series of Cine lenses for Panasonic and Olympus Micro Four-Thirds cameras. These are full-frame, weather-sealed Cine lenses.
List of Irix Cine lenses for the Micro Four Thirds mount.
Chinese Lenses
This section includes all the Chinese-made lenses. This is not for any reason other than the fact that many of these lens companies come from the same manufacturing plants. So they’ll mix up the aperture or the build, maybe change the element, and then come out and market themselves as a different brand. For example, Opteka lenses are very similar to Meike lenses.
Good Chinese lens companies like Kipon, TTArtisan, Loawa, and even SLR Magic / ZY Optics are improving.
7Artisans Micro Four Thirds Lenses
7Artisans has been around for a while, and their lenses continue to improve in design and optics as their technology and team advance. Their original lenses were more budget-friendly and often had technical issues, but they’ve refined their builds and optics over the years. You can now find some gems among their lenses that offer great value.
The 7Artisans cine lenses are built with T-stop ratings, ensuring all lenses have the same light sensitivity, which is very helpful when switching lenses in fixed-lighting setups.
Astra Labs
Astra Labs doesn’t make any dedicated Micro Four Thirds lenses, but it does make some APS-C and Full Frame lenses with the Micro Four Thirds Mount.
Some of these lenses are very similar to the Pergear or Brightin Star offerings, so be sure to compare specs and builds to check for any differences.
| Astra Lab M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astra Lab M43 Oculilumen 7.5mm f2.8 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 7.5 | 15 | 0.39′ / 0.12 m | 9/8 | 10 | 0.7 lb / 320 g | B&H | |
| Astra Lab M43 Oculilumen 10mm f5.6 Fisheye | photo | no | no | APS-C | 10 | 20 | 7.9″ / 0.2 m | 6/5 | 10 | 0.3 lb / 120 g | B&H | |
| Astra Lab M43 Latalumen 12mm f2 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 12 | 24 | 7.9″ / 0.2 m | 12/9 | 10 | Ø62mm | 0.6 lb / 275 g | B&H |
| Astra Lab M43 Artolumen 60mm f2.8 2x Macro | photo | no | no | FF | 50 | 100 | 0.59′ / 0.18 m | 10/7 | 10 | Ø62mm | 1.3 lb / 600 g | B&H |
AstrHori M43 Lenses
Brightin Star
DZO Cine Lenses For M43
DZO has a full line of lenses for Cine PL-mount cameras, but they’ve also made a few nice parafocal cinema zoom lenses for the Micro Four Thirds system.
These lenses have so far been well received with their long focus throw and minimum focus breathing.
| DZOFilm M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zoom M43 | cine | MFT/hide | ||||||||||
| DZOFilm M43 10-24mm T2.9 Parfocal | cine | no | no | MFT | 10-24 | 19.7″ / 50 cm | — | 12 | Ø77mm | 2.43 lb / 1.1 kg | B&H | |
| DZOFilm M43 20-70mm T2.9 Parfocal | cine | no | no | MFT | 20-70 | 31.1″ / 79 cm | — | 12 | Ø77mm | 2.43 lb / 1.1 kg | B&H |
Hengyijia / Zonlia M43 Lenses
These lenses look pretty similar to the 7Artisans lenses. I had them listed under Zonlai before, but since there are a few options under Hengyijia now, I’ll create a new section.
Kamlan Micro Four-Thirds Lenses
Kamlan Micro Four Thirds lenses have incredible build quality. Some of their early optical designs were a bit hit-and-miss, but their MK II lenses are very good, and they’ve really grown as a lens company. You should pay attention to their new lens releases.
I really love their 50mm f/1.1 Mark II. It’s super fun but much heavier. It’s in my top 10 favorite third-party lenses. You can see my review for it here: KamLan 50mm f1.1 II Review
| KamLan M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KamLan M43 7.5mm f3.2 | photo | no | no | MFT | 7.5 | 15 | — | 7/6 | — | — | 250g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 15mm f2 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 15 | 30 | 30cm | 11/9 | — | — | 254.4g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 21mm f1.8 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 21 | 42 | 12cm | 10/8 | — | — | 262g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 FS 28mm f1.4 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 28 | 56 | 0.25m / 9.84″ | 8/7 | 11 | Ø52mm | 348g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 KL 32mm f1.1 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 32 | 64 | 40cm | 9/7 | — | Ø62mm | 601g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 50mm f1.1 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 50 | 100 | 50cm | 5/5 | 11 | Ø52mm | 248g | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 50mm f1.1 II | photo | no | no | APS-C | 50 | 100 | 0.4m | 8/7 | 11 | Ø62mm | 600 g /1.32 lbs | KamLan | |
| KamLan M43 70mm f1.1 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 75 | 150 | 90cm | 9/7 | — | — | 776g | KamLan |
Kipon Lenses
Kipon makes various lenses in various mounts. They currently make the Ibelux 40mm specifically for the Micro Four-Thirds mount. You can use their Iberit lenses in a Leica Mount and adapt them to Micro Four Thirds. Kipon also makes some of the best adapters for the price. They are a bit more expensive than the cheaper adapters, but the quality is much better.
The Ibelux 40mm f0.85 II is a solid lens that performs very well for an f0.85. It’s just big.
| Kipon M43 Lenses | Reviews | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | Check Prices | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIPON M43 IBELUX 40mm f0.85 mkIII | photo | KIPON 40mm f0.85 mk II Review & Sample Photos | no | no | APS-C | 40 | 80 | 2.5′ / 75 cm | 10/9 | 10 | Ø67mm | 2.5 lb / 1150 g | B&H |
Meike Lenses
Meike is the most practical of cheap Chinese lenses.
They don’t produce crazy-cheap, ultra-fast lenses that ever deliver great image quality. Rather, they make good f1.8-f2.8 lenses that perform well. The build quality of their lenses is also pretty tough.
Mitakon Micro 4 3 Primes
Some people like Mitakon lenses for their speed, but I’ve found they are only so-so optically. Here is a list of the MFT Mitakon prime lenses. They tend to use a lot of highly refractive polymers for their speed masters to simulate fast apertures, but they don’t usually perform at a T-stop in those ranges.
My biggest problem is that weekend couch reviewers always praise them, but the durability isn’t there if you’re going to use the lenses all the time. I’ve had many SLR Magic / Mitakon lenses that don’t hold up, which is a bummer because they can be a lot of fun. They do continue to get better as they make more lenses, so always keep an eye out for new releases.
| Mitakon M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 17mm f0.95 | photo | no | no | MFT | 17 | 34 | 11.8″ / 30 cm | 12/9 | 8R | Ø58mm | 1 lb / 461 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 20mm f2 4.5x Macro | photo | no | no | APS-C | 20 | 40 | 0.79″ / 20 mm | 6/4 | 3 | — | 8.1 oz / 230 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 25mm f0.95 | photo | no | no | MFT | 25 | 50 | 9.84″ / 25 cm | 11/9 | 11R | Ø43mm | 8.11 oz / 230 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 FreeWalker 42.5mm f1.2 | photo | no | no | MFT | 42.5 | 85 | 1.48′ / 45 cm | 9/7 | 9 | Ø49mm | 10.93 oz / 310 g | B&H |
| Cine | cine | no | no | FF/S35/hide | ||||||||
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 17mm T1 | cine | no | no | S35 | 17 | 34 | 11.8″ / 30 cm | 12/9 | 8 | Ø77mm | 1.3 lb / 597 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 25mm T1 | cine | no | no | S35 | 25 | 50 | 9.8″ / 25 cm | 11/8 | 9 | Ø77mm | 1.2 lb / 535 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 35mm T1 V2 | cine | no | no | S35 | 35 | 70 | 13.8″ / 35 cm | 11/8 | 9 | Ø77mm | 1.4 lb / 615 g | B&H |
| Mitakon M43 Speedmaster 50mm T1 | cine | no | no | S35 | 50 | 100 | 23.6″ / 59.9 cm | — | 9 | Ø77mm | 1.59 lb / 0.72 kg | B&H |
McoPLus Lenses
| Lens Name | Sensor | FF Equiv | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| McoPlus 14mm f3.5 | APS-C | 28 | 7/6 | — | Ø52mm | — | ||
| McoPlus 35mm f1.6 | APS-C | 70 | 7/6 | — | Ø49mm | — | — | M43 |
| Cine | M43 | |||||||
| McoPlus 16mm T2.2 | APS-C | 32 | 13/10 | — | Ø77mm | — | — | M43 |
NiSi Lenses
NiSi, renowned for its filters, currently offers a single lens specifically designed for the Micro Four Thirds (MFT) system:
Opteka lenses for Micro Four Thirds
It looks like Meike and Opteka are sharing optical and mechanical designs. They might be the same lenses, just rebranded.
Pergear Micro43 Lens
PerGear has released a few lenses for the Micro Four-Thirds mount. Most of their low-element lenses will deliver a classic rendering with a lot of micro-contrast and flare.
The Pergear 35mm f1.6 is very nice, with a great build and image quality.
SG-Image Lenses
More information coming soon.
| SG-Image M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SG-Image M43 7.5mm f2.8 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 7.5 | 15 | 0.12m | 11/9 | 7 | — | 326g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 12mm f2.8 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 12 | 24 | 0.2m | 10/8 | 7 | — | 334g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 18mm f6.3 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 18 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 25mm f1.8 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 25 | 50 | 0.25m | 7/5 | 7 | Ø43mm | 186g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 35mm f0.95 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 35 | 70 | 0.35 | 12/9 | 12 | Ø52mm | 393g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 35mm f1.2 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 35 | 70 | 0.4m | 6/5 | 9 | Ø46mm | 200g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 50m f1.4 | photo | no | no | APS-C | 50 | 100 | 0.5m | 6/6 | 10 | Ø49mm | 249g | SG-Image |
| SG-Image M43 50mm f1.8 | photo | no | no | FF | 50 | 100 | 0.5m | 7/5 | 1 | Ø58mm | 311g | SG-Image |
Sirui Cine Lens
Sirui is a new anamorphic lens that has hit the market. It is very competitively priced compared to the other anamorphic lenses on the market.
The Sirui 50mm f1.8 will produce a squeezed 2.4:1 aspect ratio when shot on a 16:9 sensor.
SLR Magic Micro 4 3 Lenses
SLR Magic lenses are part of the Mitakon or ZY Optics family. They are essentially OEM Mitakon lenses with different mechanical arrangements for cinema purposes.
With ZY Optic lenses, watch out for sticky focus. This happens often in sub-freezing conditions, and I’m not sure they’ve resolved it yet.
Some of their lenses are available with ND filter kits.
TTArtisan Micro Four-Thirds Lenses
TTArtisan lenses are all-around great manual lenses, and they now make some AF designs for some brands as well—probably the best-performing lenses for the price.
Vazen Cine Micro Four Thirds Lens
Vazen produces Anamorphic Cinema lenses for the Micro Four Thirds Mount. Anamorphic lenses use a curved front element to compress the image hitting the sensor. In post-production, the image is stretched out for a widescreen view. It can be a little difficult to calculate the 35mm equivalent for an Anamorphic lens because a 28mm lens will have a 56mm equivalent in terms of look and compression. Still, it produces a much wider image with a field of view comparable to that of a 35mm lens.
There are different levels of Anamorphic compression, but the Vazen lenses use 1.8x compression to achieve a 2.39:1 aspect ratio.
Venus Optics Laowa Lenses
Laowa is a very interesting brand that produces some unique lenses. One of their specialties is making ultra-wide lenses with no distortion.
Viltrox Lenses
While Viltrox has some great APS-C and full-frame autofocus lenses, for Micro Four Thirds, it looks like we’re still limited to a few Cine designs. I’ve tested one of the Viltrox lenses so far and was impressed. They have good optics and good builds.
Viltrox Official Website: Viltrox.com. You can check the official Viltrox website for new products and current deals, and use code ALIKGRIFFIN for 5% off.
| Viltrox M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viltrox M43 23mm T1.5 | cine | no | no | APS-C/S35 | 23 | 46 | 11.8″ / 30 cm | 11/10 | 14 | Ø62mm | 1.1 lb / 500 g | B&H |
| Viltrox M43 33mm T1.5 | cine | no | no | APS-C/S35 | 33 | 66 | 15.7″ / 40 cm | 10/9 | 14 | Ø62mm | 1.1 lb / 510 g | B&H |
| Viltrox M43 56mm T1.5 | cine | no | no | APS-C/S35 | 56 | 112 | 24.8″ / 63 cm | 10/9 | 14 | Ø62mm | 1.2 lb / 540 g | B&H |
Yongnuo Micro 4 3 Lenses
| Yongnuo M43 Lenses | AF | Format | Focal Length | 2x 35mm Equiv | Min. Focus | Elements | Iris | Filters | Weight | M43 Links | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yongnuo M43 17mm f1.7 | photo | no | yes | M43 | 17 | 34 | 7.1″ / 18 cm | 10/9 | 7 | Ø52mm | 6.3 oz / 180 g | B&H |
| Yongnuo M43 25mm f1.7 | photo | no | yes | M43 | 25 | 50 | 7.9″ / 20 cm | 7/6 | 7 | Ø52mm | 5.3 oz / 150 g | B&H |
| Yongnuo M43 42.5mm f1.7 M II | photo | no | yes | M43 | 42.5 | 85 | 11.8″ / 30 cm | 9/8 | 7 | Ø52mm | 5.2 oz / 146 g | B&H |
| Yongnuo M43 12-35mm f2.8-4 | photo | no | yes | M43 | 12,35 | 24-70 | — | — | — | — | — |
Micro Four Thirds Accessories
Speed Boosters
The speed boosters allow you to adapt larger lenses, such as Nikon or Canon, to the MFT format. The advantage is that you gain about a stop of light and maintain a closer field of view of the lens you’re using.
Metabones Nikon G to Black Magic Pocket – Amazon
Metabones Contarex to MFT – Amazon
More Speed Boosters
Metabones Canon EF to MFT XL 0.64x
Metabones Canon EF to MFT Ultra 0.71x
Metabones Canon EF to MFT Black Magic Pocket 4K 0.71x
Viltrox EF-M2 EF to MFT 0.71x
Viltrox EF-M 2 II EF to MFT 0.71x
Kipon Baveyes Ultra Auto Focus EF to MFT 0.7x
Kipon Baveyes EF to MFT 0.7x
Kipon Baveyes M42 to MFT II 0.7x
Pixco Pro Focusing Infinity EF to MFT 0.7x
Pixco Pro Focusing Infinity FD to MFT 0.7x
Pixco Pro Focusing Infinity Minolta MD to MFT 0.7x
Pixco Pro Focusing Infinity M42 to M43 0.7×2
Adapters
Novoflex Adapters are of great quality. They require full manual lenses with a manual aperture ring, except for the Nikon.
Novoflex Nikon to MFT – Amazon
Novoflex Leica M to MFT – Amazon
Novoflex Olympus OM to MFT – Amazon
Novoflex Canon FD to MFT – Amazon
The Fotasy isn’t high quality, so I won’t list it.
There is another brand called Big-IS, but it can be hard to find.
Micro 4 3 Lens List Conclusion
Let me know if you find any lenses that are not on the list. I still miss them sometimes. Or if you have any suggestions or feedback on the best Micro Four-Thirds lenses, let me know in the comments.















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